胡奧會談:中美發表聯合聲明(中英對照)

中國國家主席胡主席和美國總統奧巴馬17日在北京舉行會談。雙方在會談後發表了《中美聯合聲明》。以下爲全文：
　　中美聯合聲明
　　二00九年十一月十七日，北京
　　應中華人民共和國主席胡主席邀請，美利堅合衆國總統貝拉克·奧巴馬於二00九年十一月十五日至十八日對中國進行國事訪問。兩國元首就中美關係和其他共同關心的問題進行了深入、坦誠的會談，成果豐富。雙方積極評價中美建交三十年來兩國關係取得的巨大發展，並就推進新時期中美關係發展達成一致。奧巴馬總統將分別與中國全國人大常委會委員長吳邦國、國務院總理溫家寶舉行會見。奧巴馬總統還與中國青年人進行了交流並回答他們的提問。


　　一、中美關係

　　雙方認爲，兩國領導人保持密切交往對確保中美關係長期健康穩定發展至關重要。雙方認爲兩國元首今年以來的三次會晤和兩國其他重要雙邊交往加強了兩國關係。奧巴馬總統邀請胡主席主席於明年訪問美國，胡主席愉快地接受了邀請。兩國領導人將繼續通過互訪、會晤、通話、書信等方式保持密切溝通。
　　雙方高度評價中美戰略與經濟對話機制的重要作用，認爲對話爲兩國增進理解、擴大共識、減少分歧、尋求對共同問題的解決辦法提供了獨特的平臺。雙方認爲今年七月在華盛頓舉行的首輪對話成果豐碩，同意切實履行雙方在首輪對話中所作承諾並將於二0一0年夏天在北京舉行第二輪對話。雙方同意繼續利用高層領導人的直接聯繫渠道就重大敏感問題保持及時溝通，將兩國外長年度互訪機制化，並鼓勵兩國其他部門高級官員經常互訪。
　　雙方積極評價中國中央軍事委員會副主席徐才厚上將今年十月訪美成果，表示將採取具體措施推進兩軍關係未來持續、可靠地向前發展。雙方將共同做好二0一0年中國人民解放軍總參謀長陳炳德上將訪美和美國國防部長羅伯特·蓋茨、美軍參謀長聯席會議主席邁克爾·馬倫上將訪華有關準備工作，積極落實兩軍已商定的各項交流與合作計劃，包括提高兩軍交往的級別和頻率。上述措施旨在加強雙方開展務實合作的能力，增進對彼此意圖和國際安全環境的理解。
　　雙方同意在平等互利基礎上深化反恐磋商與合作，加強執法合作。雙方同意以對等的方式及時就執法事務交換證據和情報。雙方將就共同關心的案件開展聯合調查，併爲對方提供調查協助。雙方將加強在刑事調查方面的合作，深化在打擊貪污、禁毒和前體化學品控制、打擊非法移民活動方面的合作，加強在打擊跨國犯罪和犯罪集團以及反洗錢和包括打擊製造僞鈔、追討非法資金在內的反恐融資領域的共同努力，並打擊走私和販賣人口。
　　美方重申支持中國上海舉辦二0一0年世博會。
　　雙方積極評價《中美科技合作協定》簽署三十年來兩國科技合作與交流取得的豐碩成果，同意通過中美科技合作聯委會進一步提升兩國在科技創新領域交流與合作的水平。
　　雙方期待本着透明、對等和互利原則，就航天科學合作加強討論並在載人航天飛行和航天探索方面開啓對話。雙方歡迎美國國家航空航天局局長和中方相應官員在二0一0年實現互訪。
　　雙方同意加強民用航空領域合作，確認願擴大《中國民用航空局與美國聯邦航空局民航技術合作協議備忘錄》。雙方歡迎兩國公共和私營機構在高速鐵路基礎設施建設方面進行合作。
　　雙方承諾將落實最近簽署的《中美兩國農業部關於農業合作的諒解備忘錄》。
　　雙方同意就衛生健康領域進一步開展聯合研究，包括幹細胞聯合研究等。雙方將深化在全球公共衛生領域的合作，包括甲型H1N1流感的預防、監控、報告和控制以及禽流感、艾滋病毒及艾滋病、肺結核、瘧疾。雙方還將加強在食品安全和產品質量方面的合作。
　　雙方強調各國及各國人民都有權選擇自身發展道路。各國應相互尊重對方對於發展模式的選擇。雙方都認識到，中國與美國在人權領域存在分歧。雙方本着平等和相互尊重的精神處理有關分歧，並按照國際人權文書促進和保護人權，決定於二0一0年二月底前在華盛頓舉行下一輪中美人權對話。雙方認爲在法律領域促進合作並就法治問題交流符合兩國人民和政府的利益和需要。雙方決定儘早舉行中美法律專家對話。
　　雙方認爲，人文交流對促進更加緊密的中美關係具有重要作用。爲促進人文交流，雙方原則同意建立一個新的雙邊機制。雙方高興地看到近年來在彼此國家留學的人數不斷增加。目前在美國的中國留學人員已接近十萬人，美方將接受更多中國留學人員赴美學習併爲中國留學人員赴美提供簽證便利。美國在華留學人員約有兩萬名。美方將啓動一個鼓勵更多美國人來華留學的新倡議，今後四年向中國派遣十萬名留學人員。中方歡迎美方上述決定。雙方同意加緊商談並於二0一0年續簽《中華人民共和國政府和美利堅合衆國政府文化協定二0一0至二0一二年執行計劃》，並適時在美合作舉辦第二屆“中美文化論壇”。

二、建立和深化雙邊戰略互信

　　雙方認爲，二十一世紀全球性挑戰日益增多，世界各國相互依存不斷加深，對和平、發展與合作的需求增強。中美在事關全球穩定與繁榮的衆多重大問題上，擁有更加廣泛的合作基礎，肩負更加重要的共同責任。兩國應進一步加強協調與合作，共同應對挑戰，爲促進世界和平、安全、繁榮而努力。
　　雙方認爲，培育和深化雙邊戰略互信對新時期中美關係發展至關重要。在雙方討論中，中方表示，中國始終不渝走和平發展道路，始終不渝奉行互利共贏的開放戰略，致力於推動建立持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。美方重申，美方歡迎一個強大、繁榮、成功、在國際事務中發揮更大作用的中國。美方表示，美國致力於與其他國家共同努力應對所面臨的最困難的國際問題。中方表示，歡迎美國作爲一個亞太國家爲本地區和平、穩定與繁榮作出努力。雙方重申致力於建設二十一世紀積極合作全面的中美關係，並將採取切實行動穩步建立應對共同挑戰的夥伴關係。
　　雙方強調臺灣問題在中美關係中的重要性。中方強調，臺灣問題涉及中國主權和領土完整，希望美方信守有關承諾，理解和支持中方在此問題上的立場。美方表示奉行一箇中國政策，遵守中美三個聯合公報的原則。美方歡迎臺灣海峽兩岸關係和平發展，期待兩岸加強經濟、政治及其他領域的對話與互動，建立更加積極、穩定的關係。
　　雙方重申，互相尊重主權和領土完整這一根本原則是指導中美關係的中美三個聯合公報的核心。雙方均不支持任何勢力破壞這一原則的任何行動。雙方一致認爲，尊重彼此核心利益對確保中美關係穩定發展極端重要。
　　雙方認爲，中美兩國在共同應對全球挑戰方面開展合作，有助於促進世界繁榮與安全。雙方重申一九九八年六月二十七日作出的關於不把各自控制下的戰略核武器瞄準對方的承諾。雙方認爲，兩國在推動和平利用外空方面擁有共同利益，雙方同意採取步驟加強外空安全。雙方同意通過中美戰略與經濟對話、兩軍交往等渠道就具有戰略重要性的問題進行討論。
　　雙方同意通過現有磋商和對話渠道，根據國際法準則，在相互尊重管轄權和利益的基礎上妥善處理軍事安全和海上安全問題。

三、經濟合作和全球復甦

　　雙方決心共同努力，推動全球經濟實現更加可持續和平衡的增長。爲此，雙方注意到彼此強有力和及時的政策措施有助於遏制全球產出下降和穩定金融市場。雙方同意延續現有舉措以確保強健、可持續的全球經濟復甦和金融體系。雙方重申將繼續在宏觀經濟政策領域加強對話與合作。雙方承諾履行在首輪中美戰略與經濟對話、二十國集團峯會和在新加坡舉行的亞太經合組織會議中作出的所有承諾。
　　雙方積極評價二十國集團三次金融峯會在應對國際金融危機方面所發揮的重要作用，願與二十國集團其他成員一道努力提高作爲國際經濟合作主要論壇的二十國集團的效力。雙方同意共同努力，包括通過合作推動二十國集團的“相互評估進程”，推動二十國集團“爲了實現強有力、可持續、平衡增長框架”取得成功。雙方歡迎二十國集團近期達成的共識，即確保國際金融機構享有充分資源，改革其治理機制以提高國際金融機構的可信性、合法性和有效性。雙方強調應及早落實國際金融機構份額和投票權量化改革目標，按照匹茲堡峯會領導人聲明增加新興市場和發展中國家在這些機構中的發言權和代表性。雙方同意共同加強這些國際金融機構的能力，以防範和應對未來的危機。
　　雙方將進一步加強宏觀經濟政策的溝通與信息交流，共同努力採取調整國內需求和相關價格的政策，促進更加可持續和平衡的貿易與增長。中方將繼續落實政策，調整經濟結構，提高家庭收入，擴大內需，增加消費對國內生產總值的貢獻，改革社會保障體系。美國將採取措施提高國內儲蓄佔國內生產總值的比重，推動可持續的、非通貨膨脹式的增長。爲此，美方致力於將聯邦預算赤字降到一個可持續發展的水平並採取措施鼓勵私人儲蓄。雙方將採取前瞻性的貨幣政策，並適當關注貨幣政策對國際經濟的影響。
　　雙方認識到開放貿易和投資對本國經濟和全球經濟的重要性，並致力於共同反對各種形式的保護主義。雙方同意本着建設性、合作性和互利性的態度，積極解決雙邊貿易和投資爭端。雙方將加快《雙邊投資協定》談判。雙方承諾推動多哈發展回合在二0一0年達成一個積極、富有雄心、平衡的最終成果。
　　雙方積極評價第二十屆中美商貿聯委會會議成果。雙方重申在會議中所作承諾並期待其得到全面落實。

四、地區及全球性挑戰

　　雙方認識到，在當前國際形勢發生複雜深刻變化的情況下，中美在合作應對地區和全球安全挑戰方面擁有共同責任。雙方強調中美在亞太地區擁有廣泛共同利益，支持構建和完善開放、包容、共贏的地區合作框架。雙方將努力推動亞太經合組織在促進地區貿易投資自由化和經濟技術合作以及東盟地區論壇在促進地區安全合作方面發揮更有效作用。
　　雙方認爲遵守《不擴散核武器條約》、國際原子能機構相關規定以及實施聯合國安理會所有相關決議對兩國合作阻止核武器擴散的努力取得成功至關重要。兩國元首憶及二00九年九月二十四日出席聯合國安理會核不擴散與核裁軍峯會，表示歡迎峯會成果並堅決支持聯合國安理會一八八七號決議。
　　雙方重申繼續推動六方會談進程並落實二00五年“九·一九”共同聲明的重要性，包括朝鮮半島無核化、關係正常化及在東北亞地區建立永久和平機制。雙方表示，願與有關各方共同努力，通過協商對話，全面實現六方會談宗旨和總體目標。中方對美朝開始高級別接觸表示歡迎。雙方希望六方會談多邊機制早日重啓。
　　雙方關切地注意到伊朗核問題的最新動向。雙方同意，伊朗根據《不擴散核武器條約》擁有和平利用核能的權利，同時伊朗也應履行該條約規定的相應國際義務。六國與伊朗於十月一日在日內瓦舉行的會晤對解決國際社會對伊朗核項目的關切是一個有希望的開端，雙方對此表示歡迎，並表示願儘快繼續此類接觸。雙方強調應全力採取建立信任措施，呼籲伊朗對國際原子能機構總幹事的提議作出積極反應。雙方重申大力支持通過談判尋求全面、長期解決伊核問題的辦法，呼籲伊朗繼續與六國進行建設性接觸，並與國際原子能機構全面合作，以取得令人滿意的結果。
　　雙方歡迎一切有助於南亞和平、穩定、發展的努力，支持阿富汗、巴基斯坦爲打擊恐怖主義、維護國內穩定、實現經濟社會可持續發展作出的努力，支持印度和巴基斯坦改善和發展關係。雙方願就南亞問題加強溝通、對話與合作，共同促進南亞和平、穩定和發展。
　　雙方強調致力於最終實現無核武器世界。雙方重申反對大規模殺傷性武器擴散，將共同維護國際核不擴散體系。雙方同意在相互尊重和平等的基礎上加強防擴散領域的合作。雙方將共同努力確保二0一0年《不擴散核武器條約》審議大會取得成功。雙方致力於儘早批准《全面禁止核試驗條約》，並將共同努力推動該條約早日生效。雙方支持日內瓦裁談會盡早啓動“禁止生產核武器用裂變材料條約”談判，願加強在覈安全和打擊核恐怖主義領域的溝通與合作。中方重視美方有關於二0一0年四月舉行核安全峯會的倡議，將積極參加峯會籌備進程。
　　雙方還討論了聯合國維和行動對維護國際和平與安全的重要性。
　　雙方同意就發展問題加強對話，探討雙方就此開展協調與合作的領域，並確保兩國有關努力有利於取得可持續成果。

五、氣候變化、能源與環境

　　雙方就氣候變化問題進行了建設性和富有成效的對話。雙方強調氣候變化是我們時代的重大挑戰之一。雙方認爲應對這一挑戰需要強有力的迴應，國際合作是不可或缺的組成部分。雙方相信，應對氣候變化應該尊重發展中國家把經濟和社會發展作爲優先事項，並相信向低碳經濟轉型是促進所有國家經濟持續增長和可持續發展的機會。
　　關於即將召開的哥本哈根會議，雙方同意，依據“巴釐行動計劃”積極促進《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》全面、有效和可持續實施具有重要意義。雙方決心根據各自國情采取重要減緩行動，並認識到兩國在促成加強世界應對氣候變化能力的可持續成果方面具有重要作用。雙方決心支持這些承諾。
　　在此背景下，雙方致力於在哥本哈根會議達成最終的法律協議，同時相信，在共同但有區別的責任原則和各自能力的基礎上，達成的成果應包括髮達國家的減排目標和發展中國家的國內適當減緩行動。該項成果也應實質性地增加給發展中國家的資金幫助，促進技術開發、推廣和轉讓，尤其應該注意最貧窮國家和最脆弱國家適應氣候變化的需要，促進保護和增強森林作用的措施，並在執行減緩措施以及提供資金、技術和能力建設支持方面保持充分的透明度。
　　雙方將共同並與其他國家一道在未來幾周內爲哥本哈根會議的成功而努力。
　　雙方一致認爲，向綠色經濟、低碳經濟轉型十分關鍵，未來數年清潔能源產業將爲兩國民衆提供大量機會，歡迎在今年七月首輪中美戰略與經濟對話期間宣佈並於奧巴馬總統訪華期間正式簽署的《中美關於加強氣候變化、能源和環境合作的諒解備忘錄》基礎上，雙方爲推進氣候變化、能源和環境的政策對話和務實合作採取重要步驟。
　　雙方認識到《能源和環境合作十年框架》的重要性，並致力於加強清潔的大氣、水、交通、電力和資源保護領域的合作。根據在十年合作框架下新制訂的中美能效行動計劃，中美兩國將通過技術合作、示範和政策交流，共同努力以成本效益高的方式提高工業、建築和消費品領域的能效。注意到兩國在能效領域的巨大投資，雙方強調，通過能源節約將帶來創造就業和促進經濟增長的大量機遇。
　　雙方歡迎《中國科技部、國家能源局與美國能源部關於中美清潔能源聯合研究中心合作議定書》的簽署。中美清潔能源聯合研究中心將爲兩國科學家和工程技術人員從事清潔能源聯合研發提供便利，併爲兩國研究人員提供交流平臺。雙方同意在未來五年對中美清潔能源聯合研究中心投入至少1.5億美元，兩國各出資一半。中心在兩國各設一總部。優先研究課題將包括建築能效、清潔煤(包括碳捕集與封存)及清潔汽車。
　　雙方歡迎啓動中美電動汽車倡議，使兩國在未來數年有幾百萬輛電動汽車投入使用。基於中美兩國在電動汽車領域的巨大投資，兩國政府宣佈在十幾個城市開展聯合示範項目，並努力開發共同的技術標準以推動此產業規模快速增長。雙方一致認爲兩國對清潔汽車的快速利用擁有很大的共同利益。
　　雙方非常歡迎兩國在發展二十一世紀煤炭技術方面的努力。雙方同意促進大規模碳捕集與封存示範項目方面的合作，並就碳捕集與封存技術的開發、利用、推廣和轉讓立即開展工作。雙方歡迎中美兩國企業、大學和研究機構最近就碳捕集與封存、煤炭高效利用技術開展合作達成的協議。
　　雙方歡迎《中國國家發展和改革委員會與美國環境保護局關於應對氣候變化能力建設合作備忘錄》的簽署。
　　雙方歡迎中美可再生能源夥伴關係的啓動。通過該夥伴關係，兩國將就大規模利用風能、太陽能、先進生物燃料和現代電網制定路線，在設計和執行實現這一遠景所需的政策和技術手段方面進行合作。鑑於兩國相加市場規模巨大，中美可再生能源的加速利用將在全球範圍內極大降低這些技術的成本。
　　雙方歡迎建立中美能源合作項目——一種政府和產業間的夥伴關係，旨在加強能源安全和應對氣候變化。該項目將利用私營部門資源和專長，加快清潔能源技術的應用。
　　雙方對近期舉辦的第四屆中美能源政策對話和第九屆中美石油和天然氣產業論壇表示讚許，並對加速中國非常規天然氣資源發展的中美頁岩氣合作倡議的啓動表示歡迎。該倡議旨在利用美國近期的經驗，以提高中美兩國能源安全，幫助中國向低碳經濟轉型。
　　雙方同意促進核能和平利用的全球努力，並歡迎近期舉行的全球核能夥伴關係第三次執行委員會會議，以及該夥伴關係尋求方法強化民用核能合作的國際框架的承諾。雙方同意互相協商，以便尋找包括保障燃料供應和全程核燃料管理的辦法，從而使各國在覈擴散風險最小化的同時，能夠和平利用核能。

U.S.-China Joint Statement
Beijing, China
At the invitation of President Hu Jintao of the People’s Republic of China, President Barack Obama of the United States of America is paying a state visit to China from November 15–18, 2009. The Presidents held in-depth, productive and candid discussions on U.S.-China relations and other issues of mutual interest. They highlighted the substantial progress in U.S.-China relations over the past 30 years since the establishment of diplomatic ties, and they reached agreement to advance U.S.-China relations in the new era. President Obama will have separate meetings with Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and Premier Wen Jiabao. President Obama also spoke with and answered questions from Chinese youth.
I. The U.S.-China Relationship
The United States and China agreed that regular exchanges between leaders of the two countries are essential to the long-term, sound, and steady growth of U.S.-China relations. The two sides are of the view that the three meetings between the two presidents and other important bilateral exchanges this year have strengthened relations. President Obama invited President Hu to make a visit to the United States next year, and President Hu accepted the invitation with pleasure. Leaders of the two countries will continue to maintain close communication through mutual visits, meetings, telephone conversations and correspondence.
The United States and China spoke highly of the important role of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue and recognized that the Dialogue offers a unique forum to promote understanding, expand common ground, reduce differences, and develop solutions to common problems. Both sides believed that the first round of the Dialogue held in Washington, D.C., in July this year was a fruitful one and agreed to honor in good faith the commitments made and hold the second round in Beijing in the summer of 2010. The two sides agreed that they will continue to use the direct communication links among senior leaders to maintain timely communication on major and sensitive issues, institutionalize the annual exchange of visits by the two foreign ministers and encourage senior officials of other departments of the two countries to exchange visits on a regular basis.
The United States and China commended the outcomes of the visit to the United States by General Xu Caihou, Vice Chairman of the Chinese Central Military Commission, in October this year, and stated that they will take concrete steps to advance sustained and reliable military-to-military relations in the future. The two sides will prepare for the visit to the United States by General Chen Bingde, Chief of the General Staff of China’s People’s Liberation Army, and the visits to China by Robert Gates, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, and Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. The two sides will actively implement various exchange and cooperation programs agreed between the two militaries, including by increasing the level and frequency of exchanges. The goal of these efforts is to improve their capabilities for practical cooperation and foster greater understanding of each other’s intentions and of the international security environment.
The United States and China agreed to deepen counter-terrorism consultation and cooperation on an equal and mutually beneficial basis and to strengthen law-enforcement cooperation. They agreed to exchange evidence and intelligence on law enforcement issues in a timely and reciprocal manner. The two countries will undertake joint investigations and provide investigative assistance on cases of mutual interest. The United States and China will strengthen cooperation on criminal investigations and deepen collaboration in combating embezzlement as well as in counter-narcotics and pre-cursor chemical control and in combating unlawful migration. They also will boost joint efforts to combat transnational crime and criminal organizations as well as money laundering and the financing of terrorism including counterfeiting and recovery of illicit funds. They will work to combat smuggling and human trafficking.
The United States reaffirmed its support for Expo 2010 Shanghai.
The United States and China applauded the rich achievements in scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges between the two countries over the past 30 years since the signing of the U.S.-China Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology and agreed to further upgrade the level of exchanges and cooperation in scientific and technological innovation through the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Science and Technology Cooperation.
The United States and China look forward to expanding discussions on space science cooperation and starting a dialogue on human space flight and space exploration, based on the principles of transparency, reciprocity and mutual benefit. Both sides welcome reciprocal visits of the NASA Administrator and the appropriate Chinese counterpart in 2010.
The United States and China agreed to strengthen their cooperation on civil aviation, and confirmed their intent to expand the Memorandum of Agreement for Technical Cooperation in the field of Civil Aviation between the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States of America and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). The two sides welcomed cooperation by public and private bodies on the development of high speed railway infrastructure.
The United States and China undertook to implement the newly signed Memorandum of Understanding Between the Department of Agriculture of the United States of America and the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China on Cooperation in Agriculture and Related Fields.
The two countries agreed to collaborate further in joint research in the health sector including on stem cells. They will deepen cooperation on global public health issues, including Influenza A (H1N1) prevention, surveillance, reporting and control, and on avian influenza, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. They will also enhance cooperation on food and product safety and quality.

The United States and China underlined that each country and its people have the right to choose their own path, and all countries should respect each other’s choice of a development model. Both sides recognized that the United States and China have differences on the issue of human rights. Addressing these differences in the spirit of equality and mutual respect, as well as promoting and protecting human rights consistent with international human rights instruments, the two sides agreed to hold the next round of the official human rights dialogue in Washington D.C. by the end of February 2010. The United States and China agreed that promoting cooperation in the field of law and exchanges on the rule of law serves the interests and needs of the citizens and governments of both countries. The United States and China decided to convene the U.S.-China Legal Experts Dialogue at an early date.
The two countries noted the importance of people-to-people and cultural exchanges in fostering closer U.S.-China bilateral relations and therefore agreed in principle to establish a new bilateral mechanism to facilitate these exchanges. The two sides are pleased to note the continued increase in the number of students studying in each other’s country in recent years. Nearly 100,000 Chinese are now studying in the United States, and the U.S. side will receive more Chinese students and facilitate visa issuance for them. The United States has approximately 20,000 students in China. The United States seeks to encourage more Americans to study in China by launching a new initiative to send 100,000 students to China over the coming four years. China welcomed this decision by the United States. The two sides agreed to expedite negotiations to renew in 2010 the Implementing Accord for Cultural Exchange for the Period Through 2010-2012 under the Cultural Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China. The United States and China agreed to jointly hold the Second U.S.-China Cultural Forum in the United States at an appropriate time.
II. Building and Deepening Bilateral Strategic Trust
The United States and China are of the view that in the 21st century, global Challenges are growing, countries are more interdependent, and the need for peace, development, and cooperation is increasing. The United States and China have an increasingly broad base of cooperation and share increasingly important common responsibilities on many major issues concerning global stability and prosperity. The two countries should further strengthen coordination and cooperation, work together to tackle challenges, and promote world peace, security and prosperity.
The two countries believe that to nurture and deepen bilateral strategic trust is essential to U.S.-China relations in the new era. During their discussions, the Chinese side said that it resolutely follows the path of peaceful development and a win-win strategy of opening-up, and is committed to promoting the building of a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity. The United States reiterated that it welcomes a strong, prosperous and successful China that plays a greater role in world affairs. The United States stated that it is committed to working with other countries in addressing the most difficult international problems they face. China welcomes the United States as an Asia-Pacific nation that contributes to peace, stability and prosperity in the region. The two sides reiterated that they are committed to building a positive, cooperative and comprehensive U.S.-China relationship for the 21st century, and will take concrete actions to steadily build a partnership to address common challenges.
The United States and China underscored the importance of the Taiwan issue in U.S.-China relations. China emphasized that the Taiwan issue concerns China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and expressed the hope that the United States will honor its relevant commitments and appreciate and support the Chinese side’s position on this issue. The United States stated that it follows its one China policy and abides by the principles of the three U.S.-China joint communiqués. The United States welcomes the peaceful development of relations across the Taiwan Strait and looks forward to efforts by both sides to increase dialogues and interactions in economic, political, and other fields, and develop more positive and stable cross-Strait relations.

The two countries reiterated that the fundamental principle of respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity is at the core of the three U.S.-China joint communiqués which guide U.S.-China relations. Neither side supports any attempts by any force to undermine this principle. The two sides agreed that respecting each other’s core interests is extremely important to ensure steady progress in U.S.-China relations.
The United States and China believe that bilateral cooperation on common global challenges will contribute to a more prosperous and secure world. They reaffirmed their commitment made on 27 June 1998 not to target at each other the strategic nuclear weapons under their respective control. The two sides believed that the two countries have common interests in promoting the peaceful use of outer space and agree to take steps to enhance security in outer space. The two sides agreed to discuss issues of strategic importance through such channels as the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue and military-to-military exchanges.
The United States and China agreed to handle through existing channels of consultations and dialogue military security and maritime issues in keeping with norms of international law and on the basis of respecting each other’s jurisdiction and interests.
III. Economic Cooperation and Global Recovery
The two sides are determined to work together to achieve more sustainable and balanced global economic growth. To that end, the two sides noted that their forceful and timely policy responses helped stem the decline in global output and stabilized financial markets. The two sides agreed to sustain measures to ensure a strong and durable global economic recovery and financial system. The two sides reiterated that they will continue to strengthen dialogue and cooperation on macro-economic policies. The two sides pledge to honor all commitments made at the inaugural meeting of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the G-20 summits, and APEC in Singapore.
The two sides commended the important role of the three G-20 summits in tackling the global financial crisis, and committed to work with other members of the G-20 to enhance the G-20’s effectiveness as the premier forum for international economic cooperation. The two sides agreed to work together, including through a cooperative process on mutual assessment to make the G-20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth a success. The two sides welcomed recent agreements by the G-20 to ensure that the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have sufficient resources and to reform their governance structures in order to improve IFIs credibility, legitimacy and effectiveness. The two sides stressed the need to follow through on the quantified targets for the reform of quota and voting shares of IFIs as soon as possible, increasing the voice and representation of emerging markets and developing countries in these institutions consistent with the Pittsburgh Summit Leaders Statement. They also agreed to work together to strengthen the capacity of these institutions to prevent and respond to future crises.
The two sides will further enhance communication and the exchange of information regarding macro-economic policy, and work together to pursue policies of adjusting domestic demand and relative prices to lead to more sustainable and balanced trade and growth. China will continue to implement the policies to adjust economic structure, raise household incomes, expand domestic demand to increase contribution of consumption to GDP growth and reform its social security system. The United States will take measures to increase national saving as a share of GDP and promote sustainable non-inflationary growth. To achieve this, the United States is committed to returning the federal budget deficit to a sustainable path and pursuing measures to encourage private saving. Both sides will also pursue forward-looking monetary policies with due regard for the ramifications of those policies for the international economy.

The two sides recognize the importance of open trade and investment to their domestic economies and to the global economy, and are committed to jointly fight protectionism in all its manifestations. The two sides agreed to work proactively to resolve bilateral trade and investment disputes in a constructive, cooperative, and mutually beneficial manner. Both sides will expedite negotiation on a bilateral investment treaty. The two sides are committed to seeking a positive, ambitious, and balanced conclusion to the Doha Development Agenda in 2010.
The two sides spoke highly of the outcomes of the 20th Meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade. The two sides reaffirmed the commitment at this JCCT meeting and look forward to their full implementation.
IV. Regional and Global Challenges
The two sides noted that, at a time when the international environment is undergoing complex and profound changes, the United States and China share a responsibility to cooperatively address regional and global security challenges. The two sides stressed that they share broad common interests in the Asia-Pacific region and support the development and improvement of an open and inclusive regional cooperation framework that is beneficial to all. The two sides will work to encourage APEC to play a more effective role in promoting regional trade and investment liberalization and economic and technical cooperation and for the ASEAN Regional Forum to play a more effective role in strengthening regional security cooperation.
The two sides agreed that respect for the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, IAEA mandates, and implementation of all relevant UN Security Council resolutions are essential for the success of our joint efforts to stem the spread of nuclear weapons. The two presidents recalled their participation at the September 24, 2009, UN Security Council Summit on nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear disarmament. They welcomed the outcome of the Summit and expressed their strong support for UN Security Resolution 1887.
The two sides reaffirmed the importance of continuing the Six-Party Talks process and implementing the September 19, 2005, Joint Statement, including denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, normalization of relations and establishment of a permanent peace regime in Northeast Asia. The two sides stated that they will work together with other parties concerned to comprehensively achieve the purpose and overall goal of the Six-Party Talks through consultations and dialogues. The Chinese side welcomed the start of high-level contacts between the United States and the DPRK. The two sides expressed the hope that the multilateral mechanism of the Six Party Talks would convene at an early date.
The two sides noted with concern the latest developments with regard to the Iranian nuclear issue. The two sides agreed that Iran has the right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy under the NPT and it should fulfill its due international obligations under that treaty. They welcomed the talks in Geneva on October 1st between the P5+1 and Iran as a promising start towards addressing international concerns about Iran’s nuclear program, and expressed their readiness to continue that engagement as soon as possible. The two sides emphasized that all efforts should be made to take confidence building steps and called on Iran to respond positively to the proposal of the IAEA Director General. The two sides reaffirmed their strong support for a comprehensive and long-term solution to the Iranian nuclear issue through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage constructively with the P5+1 and to cooperate fully with the IAEA to facilitate a satisfactory outcome.
The two sides welcomed all efforts conducive to peace, stability and development in South Asia. They support the efforts of Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight terrorism, maintain domestic stability and achieve sustainable economic and social development, and support the improvement and growth of relations between India and Pakistan. The two sides are ready to strengthen communication, dialogue and cooperation on issues related to South Asia and work together to promote peace, stability and development in that region.
The two sides underlined their commitment to the eventual realization of a world free of nuclear weapons. They reiterated their opposition to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and will jointly uphold the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. They agreed to enhance non-proliferation cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and equality. They will work together to achieve a successful Review Conference of Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 2010. They committed to pursue ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty as soon as possible, and will work together for the early entry into force of the CTBT. They support the launching of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty at an early date in the Conference on Disarmament, and stand ready to strengthen communication and cooperation in nuclear safety and security and in combating nuclear terrorism. China attaches importance to the U.S. initiative to hold a nuclear security summit in April 2010 and will actively participate in the preparations for the summit.
The two sides also discussed the importance of UN peacekeeping operations in promoting international peace and security.

The two sides agreed to enhance dialogue on development issues to explore areas of cooperation and coordination and to ensure that both countries’ efforts are conducive to achieving sustainable outcomes.
V. Climate Change, Energy and Environment
The two sides held a constructive and productive dialogue on the issue of climate change. They underscored that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. The two sides maintain that a vigorous response is necessary and that international cooperation is indispensable in responding to this challenge. They are convinced of the need to address climate change in a manner that respects the priority of economic and social development in developing countries and are equally convinced that transitioning to a low-carbon economy is an opportunity to promote continued economic growth and sustainable development in all countries.
Regarding the upcoming Copenhagen Conference, both sides agree on the importance of actively furthering the full, effective and sustained implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in accordance with the Bali Action Plan. The United States and China, consistent with their national circumstances, resolve to take significant mitigation actions and recognize the important role that their countries play in promoting a sustainable outcome that will strengthen the world’s ability to combat climate change. The two sides resolve to stand behind these commitments.
In this context both sides believe that, while striving for final legal agreement, an agreed outcome at Copenhagen should, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, include emission reduction targets of developed countries and nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing countries. The outcome should also substantially scale up financial assistance to developing countries, promote technology development, dissemination and transfer, pay particular attention to the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable to adapt to climate change, promote steps to preserve and enhance forests, and provide for full transparency with respect to the implementation of mitigation measures and provision of financial, technology and capacity building support.
The two sides are committed to working together and with other countries in the weeks ahead for a successful outcome at Copenhagen.
The two sides agreed that the transition to a green and low-carbon economy is essential and that the clean energy industry will provide vast opportunities for citizens of both countries in the years ahead and welcomed significant steps forward to advance policy dialogue and practical cooperation on climate change, energy and the environment, building on the U.S.-China Memorandum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy and Environment announced at the first round of U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue this July and formally signed during the Presidential visit.
The two sides recognized the importance of the Ten Year Framework on Energy and Environment Cooperation (TYF) and commit to strengthen cooperation in promoting clean air, water, transportation, electricity, and resource conservation. Through a new U.S.-China Energy Efficiency Action Plan under the TYF, the United States and China will work together to achieve cost-effective energy efficiency improvements in industry, buildings and consumer products through technical cooperation, demonstration and policy exchanges. Noting both countries significant investments in energy efficiency, the two Presidents underscored the enormous opportunities to create jobs and enhance economic growth through energy savings.
The two sides welcomed the signing of the Protocol Between the Department of Energy of the United States of America and the Ministry of Science and Technology and the National Energy Administration of the People’s Republic of China on a Clean Energy Research Center. The Center will facilitate joint research and development on clean energy by teams of scientists and engineers from both countries, as well as serve as clearing house to help researchers in each country, with public and private funding of at least $150 million over five years split evenly between the two countries. The Center will have one headquarters in each country. Priority topics to be addressed will include energy efficiency in buildings, clean coal (including carbon capture and sequestration), and clean vehicles.
The two sides welcomed the launch of a U.S.-China Electric Vehicles Initiative designed to put millions of electric vehicles on the roads of both countries in the years ahead. Building on significant investments in electric vehicles in both the United States and China, the two governments announced a program of joint demonstration projects in more than a dozen cities, along with work to develop common technical standards to facilitate rapid scale-up of the industry. The two sides agreed that their countries share a strong common interest in the rapid deployment of clean vehicles.
The two sides strongly welcomed work in both countries to promote 21st century coal technologies. They agreed to promote cooperation on large-scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) demonstration projects and to begin work immediately on the development, deployment, diffusion, and transfer of CCS technology. The two sides welcomed recent agreements between Chinese and U.S. companies, universities, and research institutions to cooperate on CCS and more efficient coal technologies.
The two sides welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Cooperation between the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States and the National Development and Reform Commission of China to Build Capacity to Address Climate Change.
The two sides welcomed the launch of The U.S.-China Renewable Energy Partnership. Through this Partnership, the two countries will chart a pathway to wide-scale deployment of wind, solar, advanced bio-fuels, and a modern electric power grid in both countries and cooperate in designing and implementing the policy and technical tools necessary to make that vision possible. Given the combined market size of the two countries, accelerated deployment of renewable energy in The United States and China can significantly reduce the cost of these technologies globally.
The two sides welcomed the establishment of The U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program (ECP), a partnership between government and industry to enhance energy security and combat climate change. The ECP will leverage private sector resources and expertise to accelerate the deployment of clean energy technology.
The two sides commended the results of the recently-held Fourth U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue and Ninth U.S.-China Oil and Gas Industry Forum and welcomed the launch of a U.S.-China Shale Gas Resource Initiative to accelerate the development of unconventional natural gas resources in China. Drawing on recent experience in the United States, this initiative aims to improve energy security in both countries and help China transition to a low-carbon economy.
The two sides agreed to work together to advance global efforts to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. They welcomed the recently-concluded Third Executive Committee Meeting of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, and the commitment of the partnership to explore ways to enhance the international framework for civil nuclear energy cooperation. They agreed to consult with one another in order to explore such approaches -- including assurance of fuel supply and cradle-to-grave nuclear fuel management so that countries can access peaceful nuclear power while minimizing the risks of proliferation.