富國每年資助窮國570億美元應對氣候變化
Wealthy countries are channelling around $57bn a year to help poorer nations deal with global warming, according to new findings on one of the Most contentious issues in UN climate talks.
對聯合國(UN)氣候談判中最具爭議的問題之一所做的新研究發現，富裕國家目前每年輸出約570億美元用於幫助較貧窮國家應對全球變暖的問題。
The figure, from a study by the OECD group of developed nations, comes two months before delegates from nearly 200 countries head to Paris to broker a climate change accord that will lower greenhouse gas emissions.
該數據來自經合組織(OECD)所做的一項研究，該組織由發達國家組成。再過兩個月，來自近200個國家的代表將前往巴黎參加氣候變化大會，以期達成一項旨在減少溫室氣體排放的氣候變化協議。
The sum is likely to be seized on by diplomats from wealthy nations to argue that their governments are well on the way to fulfilling a 2010 pledge to raise $100bn a year in public and private climate finance for poorer countries by 2020.
富裕國家的外交官們很可能會抓住該數字不放，以此辯稱他們的政府正在朝着兌現2010年一項承諾的方向前進。這項承諾是到2020年每年從公共和私人來源爲較貧窮國家籌集1000億美元應對氣候變化資金。
But it will be scrutinised in minute detail by envoys from poorer countries who say they cannot sign up to a deal in Paris if it lacks the funding they need to shift to greener energy systems and deal with the floods and heatwaves that scientists say are likely to increase as the climate changes.
但是，該數字將受到來自較貧窮國家的代表們的嚴密審視，他們稱，如果協議中沒有列明他們轉向更清潔能源體系以及應對洪水和熱浪所需資金的來源，他們將不會在巴黎簽署協議。科學家稱，隨着氣候變化，洪水和酷熱天氣很可能會日益增加。
French president, Fran Hollande, warned last month that efforts to seal a successful accord in December could fail unless wealthy countries make a serious commitment on climate finance.
法國總統弗朗索瓦攠朗德(Fran Hollande)上個月警告稱，在12月簽訂氣候協議的努力或將失敗，除非富裕國家就氣候融資作出鄭重承諾。
But figuring out what should and should not be counted as climate funding from the complex web of foreign aid budgets, multilateral bank lending and other sources of money has proved extremely difficult.
但是，從外國援助預算、多邊銀行貸款以及其他資金來源構成的複雜資金網中判斷哪些資金應該被算作氣候融資，已經證實是極爲困難的。
Studies since 2010 suggest the figure could be anything from $40bn to $175bn a year.
自2010年以來的研究表明，該數字可能介於每年400億至1750億美元之間。
In an attempt to get a clearer picture before the Paris meeting, the French government and its Peruvian counterpart, which hosted last year’s UN climate talks, asked the OECD to do a more detailed analysis on how close countries were to meeting the $100bn a year goal.
爲了在巴黎氣候大會前得到一個較清晰的概念，法國政府以及去年主辦聯合國氣候談判大會的祕魯政府，要求經合組織進行一項更詳細的分析，以瞭解各國距離每年提供總計1000億美元氣候融資的目標還有多遠。
The result is a 61-page report that concludes wealthy countries mobilised $61.8bn in 2014, up from $52.2bn in 2013, making an average of $57bn a year for those two years, mostly from public rather than private sources.
結果是一份61頁的報告，結論是2014年富裕國家調動了618億美元，較2013年的522億美元有所增加，使這兩年的平均數字達到570億美元，大部分資金來自公共部門而非私人來源。
“We take that as quite an encouraging picture of progress,” said the leader of the research, Simon Buckle, head of the OECD’s climate, biodiversity and water division.
“我們認爲這是相當鼓舞人心的進展，”該研究的帶頭人——經合組織氣候、生物多樣性及水資源部門的負責人西蒙巴克爾(Simon Buckle)稱。
“This is clearly not a perfect estimate,” he told reporters, explaining that the task confronting his team was so large he had not been confident that it would be possible to arrive at any firm figure.
“很明顯這並非一項令人非常滿意的估計，”他向記者表示，解釋稱其團隊面臨的任務非常艱鉅，他原本甚至沒有信心能夠得到確切的數字。
“But we really think it’s a robust, up to date estimate that will be useful,” he said.
“但是我們的確認爲這是一個站得住腳的最新估算，它將是有用的，”他稱。
Mr Buckle said one of the report’s biggest contributions was its attempt to clarify how climate financing can be measured and defined.
巴克爾稱，該報告最大的貢獻之一是它試圖明確對氣候融資進行衡量和定義的方式。
The study does not, for example, include money relating to coal projects, even though Japan and Australia say funding for more efficient coal plants should be considered as a form of climate finance.
例如，該研究並未將與煤炭項目相關的資金包括在內，儘管日本和澳大利亞方面認爲，爲更高效的燃煤發電廠提供資金應該被視爲氣候融資的一種形式。
Japan has provided up to $3.2bn for such projects over 2013-14.
2013-14年間，日本爲這類項目提供了多達32億美元的資金。
The $57bn figure also excludes pledges wealthy countries have made totalling just over $10bn to a newly-established Green Climate Fund set up as a result of past UN talks.
570億美元的數字也未計入富裕國家承諾向新成立的綠色氣候基金(Green Climate Fund)提供的總計逾100億美元資金。該基金的成立是聯合國氣候談判的成果之一。
Several countries have made significant commitments of more funding in recent weeks, including the UK and China, which has offered $3.1bn over an unspecified time period.
最近幾周，一些國家做出了提供更多資金的重大承諾，其中包括英國和中國，後者在未指明的時間段內已經提供了31億美元的資金。
But poverty campaigners say a new draft of a negotiating text for a Paris accord released on Monday is still short on detail about how much money wealthy countries are willing to offer poorer nations in future.
但是，代表較貧窮國家的活動人士稱，週一公佈的爲巴黎協議所擬的談判文本的新草案，在富裕國家願意在未來向較貧窮國家提供的資金額的問題上仍然缺少細節。
The text has an option for scaling up the $100bn a year pledge “from 2020”. But that is not good enough for an agreement that is supposed to be an enduring global response to climate change, said Tim Gore, climate change policy adviser at Oxfam.
該文本中有一項是“從2020年起”在每年1000億美元資金的基礎上逐步增加金額。但是，樂施會(Oxfam)氣候變化政策顧問蒂姆戈爾(Tim Gore)稱，對於一項應該作爲全球應對氣候變化的長期協議來說，該條款不夠理想。
“To have nothing to say about the cost of achieving all this just seems barely credible,” he said.
“對實現這一切的成本隻字不談，似乎是不可信的，”他稱。
