託福閱讀10種題型舉例分析——推斷題

託福閱讀大家都想能更好地把題目做對，不過託福閱讀題型還是很多的，不同的託福閱讀題也有着不同的解決辦法，具體該如何做呢?下面介紹的就是一種很常見的題目：推理題，希望能給大家一些好的建議。

託福閱讀10種題型舉例分析——推斷題

無論是OG還是Delta，都把閱讀的題目分成十類，即：Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.

還有很重要的一點，做題的時候，無論考試還是練習，不光要分析對的選項爲什麼對，更要分析錯的選項爲什麼錯。有時候分析錯誤的原因更爲重要。有助於你把握出題的思路，培養感覺。這是非常有用的。

五、推斷題

應該說推斷題屬於難度比較大，混淆選項比較難排除的一種。但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是無章可循。OG的說明是：如果文章提到結果，很可能讓你推斷原因;如果提到二者比較，很可能問你比較的基礎;正確答案不是文章明顯提到的，而是明顯可以推出來的。最重要的一句話就是：You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。正確的答案一定要有原文某句話作支持。這爲排除法提供了良好依據。因爲錯誤選項往往就是在句中加入了與原文完全無關的些許成分。這些成分就成了我們戳穿謊言的標準。做這種題一定要本着擡槓的方法，只要說的不完美，含糊不清，故意誇大或隱瞞事實，無中生有，都算錯。這種題是我認爲最需要感覺的一類題了。

比較容易出推斷題的地方，一個明顯的標誌是時間狀語：before 2000, after 1999之類的。很可能就問你what can be inferred about _X after 2000或者before 1999. 看到這樣的話，你要小心可能在此出推斷題了。OG上的例子就是一個perfect example:

一看見這個題，首先就回到文中找相關信息，關鍵詞：nineteenth century; 只要找到after nineteenth century就可以了。因爲這種類型的題，給出時間狀語，問某時點之後，文中給出的必然是該時點之前的內容。快速找到第一行和第三行都有19世紀的內容。第一句…. Was available to all，必然取反，選擇19世紀之前，蠟燭是not available to all。而剩下三個錯誤選項說的全是19世紀以後纔出現的內容。

另外，有助於你推斷的也有可能是一些表示否定意思的詞，比如different from, unlike, in contrast to等等。同樣，文中給出諸如Unlike A, B is C的句子。然後題目問What can be inferred about A。那麼把C取反，自然就是A的特點了。如OG Practice Set 1的第二題：

閱讀的時候，看到unlike就要小心點;或者做第二題的時候，unlike可以幫助你有小定位。說unlike sea otters, it’s not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 把這句話後半部分取反，那sea otters 自然是not difficult to imagine. 這也是對not easy to envision的反意paraphrase.

上面這兩種應該算是推斷題裏最簡單的，只需取反即可。還有就是純粹需要靠推斷的題了。推斷不是臆斷，而是必然由文中的信息能夠推斷出來的。但具體做起來有一定的難度。有些題需要用到簡單的邏輯推理，更多的還需要前面提到的排除法。再拿上面文章8題舉例：

第一段最後第二行，milksick(A)，是由於喝了病牛牛奶導致，病牛(B)是吃了有毒的葉子得的病(C), CèB, BèA, 則CèA. 而最後一條CèA就是正確答案的意思了。而錯誤的選項都加入了文中根本沒有的元素，如A中的common illness, B中的children, D中的kill cattle，都在文中沒有任何相關信息。所以都能夠排除掉。

舉個不太容易看出來的例子，OG Practice set 2，11題。

用排除法，A裏的Government根本沒提到。有人可能會說不是說有什麼enforced program嗎?這就需要擡槓了。非得由政府完成啊?那是你自己主觀臆斷的。原文根本沒提到政府這回事，所以不行。B裏的什麼in cycle, change原文都沒有;D更好擡槓，總不能大海也沙漠化吧。擡槓看似不講道理，但正確的答案選項，你還真不好擡出槓來。因爲都說得比較圓滑比較完善。不信你可以試試。這種方法看似有些荒.唐，但是槓擡得多了，一看就能看出來哪個長得像正確選項了。現在按照OG的方法證明一下正確選項D。這段第一句話說，在一些地區，減緩沙漠化的過程可能會非常困難。這必然說明作者相信沙漠化會繼續，不然何談slow or reverse?

推斷題出的類型比較多，我也難以盡述。只能拋磚引玉，希望大家在練習中多找感覺了。極端、簡單、假大空、無中生有都是典型的錯誤形式，而正確的答案看起來都讓人很舒服。只要找到這種感覺，這種題不難做。

託福閱讀推理類題目的解法

一、推理題的標誌

託福閱讀題型中推理題的題幹中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分爲有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。

二、推理題的做法

對於無共性的推理題，也就是託福閱讀題幹中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據各個選項的關鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。

對於有共性的推理題，也就是託福閱讀題幹中有線索的，可以先圈定題幹中的關鍵詞，根據關鍵詞回原文定位，然後進行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：

1.一般對比推理

ETS設計推理題的手段不多，根據兩個事物的對比特徵出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特徵時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特徵否定掉就可以了。例如：

It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

&<61;There were great numbers of them.

&<61;They lived in the sea only.

&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.

根據關鍵詞sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知 sea otters 和 pinnipeds 兩種動物與 whales 形成對比，而且很難想象原始的 whales 的樣子;根據“一般對比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的 sea otters 的樣子不難想象”。第一個選項表達了此意，爲正確答案。

2.時間對比推理

這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特徵一般相反。當題幹問一個時間段的特徵時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特徵否定掉就可以了。

例一：

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

…

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

(A)families were larger.

(B)population statistics were unreliable.

(C)the population grew steadily.

(D)economic conditions were bad.

工業革命之後與工業革命之前兩個時間形成對比。既然工業革命之後西方世界的家庭變小了，那麼工業革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)爲正確答案。

例二：

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?

(A) They were truly “silent.”

(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.

(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.

(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.

1927年前後形成對比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂而沒有配音，那麼1927年之後的電影一定有。所以(C)爲正確答案。

例三：

“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.

&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

&<61;They were not available to all.

&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.

問題：關於19世紀以前的蠟燭，從第一段可以推出下列哪一點?

這道題的題幹中有“19世紀以前”這一時間，由此可見它屬於“時間對比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世紀帶來了大量新發現和發明，使蠟燭業發生了革命性的變化，所有人都能用蠟燭照明。” 根據“時間對比推理”思路，由於19世紀以前的情況與19世紀形成對比，而19世紀所有人能用蠟燭照明，那麼在19世紀之前，並非所有人都能用上蠟燭。第三個選項 “They were not available to all”表達了這一意思，爲正確答案。

3.集合概念推理

集合概念推理也可以稱之爲百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構成一個大的集合。一方所佔的比例減少意味着另一方所佔比例的增加;反之，一方所佔的比例增加意味着另一方所佔比例的減少。根據這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數量變化推斷另一方的消減。

例一：

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

(A) They value folk cultures.

(B) They have no social classes.

(C) They have popular cultures.

(D) They do not value individualism.

原文談到folk culture 和popular culture兩種文化，它們之間形成對比。既然美國和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那麼它們就有popular culture。因此(C)爲正確答案。

例二：

Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非農業人口的數量和比例都增加了。由此可知農業人口的數量和比例下降了。所以(B)爲正確答案。

託福閱讀：推理題例題解題方法

託福閱讀題型：推理題例題解題方法：

. Inference questions 推理題

推理題的標誌是在題幹中出現infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞彙，它和細節題屬於同源題目，都需要定位並且根據文中信息來選擇答案。與細節題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點之後考察的是學生對於文中信息的總結概括，或者反向推理的能力。我們來看一道例題，

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我們來對題目的出題範圍進行定位，題乾的blowhole可以作爲定位詞彙，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”在這句話裏交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters不一樣的是，whales的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什麼樣子。而sea ottter是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項，即不難看出第一頭sea otter長什麼樣子。所以實際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是並不需要同學們在做題的時候推的過遠，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結的能力。

託福閱讀題型之推理題的解題方法你瞭解了嗎?我相信這次舉例說明多多少少都能夠幫助到你。最後希望大家能夠好好的複習託福閱讀，做好新托福考試當中的第一部分。

託福閱讀推理題中的類比邏輯關係

很多同學最近一直和我抱怨，託福閱讀中的推理題好難啊，很多題目的正確選項在文中都找不到，說好的忠於原文，說好的不用多想，不用爲作者分憂解難呢?這時候我會偷笑，因爲你們在託福閱讀考試流程裏碰到的是細節題的升級版本—─推理題!我們平時在閱讀教學中一直和同學強調，閱讀要忠於原文，不要大開腦洞，所有答案均出現在原文中。唯獨有一種題目即推理題，需要學生不僅在文中找到相關依據，還要根據這個依據走一步推理的過程，才能得出答案。

今天就想和大家分享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種邏輯推理關係 — 類比關係，此類邏輯關係一般出現在對比類的文段中。即文章中出現A,B兩個比較對象， A與B有相同特徵，於是我們可以根據A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特徵。舉個例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，於是乎我們可以從這句話裏推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種邏輯關係在推理題中的應用。

Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

這道題目，題幹問我們根據第二段的內容我們可以對鯨魚作出何種推斷，於是乎我們根據解題技巧快速回到文中搜索定位詞whales, 找到以下這句話 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 這句話告訴我們leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特徵，但我們可以根據剛剛提到的類比關係做一步邏輯推斷啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那麼leatherback turtle的特徵也應該就是whales的特徵，因此我們只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可發現whales的特徵。原文最後一句話提到， leatherback turtle會游到寒冷的南北海洋並且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。於是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特徵。答案對應B選項。

再來看一道稍難的題目吧

Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?

peting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

peting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

peting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

此題問我們，根據第四段我們可以對trumpeting of bull elk做出怎樣的推斷。根據關鍵詞trumpeting of bull elk我們快速找到原文最後一個單詞。既然是出現在文章的最後位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個我們非常熟悉的邏輯關係—─類比關係。來看這句話 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.這句話告訴我們buck rub發出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk發出的auditory signal有相同的社會作用。根據前文我們知道buck rub可以反映年長雄鹿在鹿羣裏的社會地位。於是乎我們便可以做進一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也應該有相似地功能。

我想，只要我們的同學能夠熟練掌握這種邏輯推理方法，將來一定可以避免在做這類推理題時常常出現的無從下手的困境。