關於外語學習的7個常見誤解

There are over 6,000 languages in the world. Some are more important than others, not better or more advanced, just more important. Why? Because they are spoken by more people, in more countries. That does not mean that Finnish is not important to the Finns, and Maori is not important to the Maoris. It is just that these languages are not so important to the rest of us.
世界上有6000多種語言。其中一些比另一些更重要，但並不意味着這些語言更好或者更先進，只是更重要。爲什麼呢？因爲這些語言的使用者更多，使用範圍更廣。並不是說芬蘭語對於芬蘭人不重要，或者毛利語對於毛利人不重要。只是說這些語言對於我們其餘的人來說沒有那麼重要。

On the other hand, Mandarin Chinese is spoken by over one billion people. Chinese origin words account for 60% of Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese vocabulary. Knowing Chinese will help you learn these languages too. It helped me. Chinese culture has influenced the world for thousands of years with its art, philosophy, technology, food, medicine and performing arts. Today China’s economy is booming. Chinese seems well worth learning.
另一方面，中文普通話有10億多的使用者。漢語起源的詞語佔到了日語、韓語和越南語詞彙的60%之多。懂中文也將會有助於你學習這些語言。它就幫助了我。幾千年來中國文化一直在藝術、哲學、技術、飲食、醫藥和表演藝術方面影響着世界。今天中國的經濟正在迅猛發展，中文似乎很值得去學習。

Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese are essentially dialects of the same language. If you learn one, you can learn the others. I did. If you learn Spanish, you open the door to the culture, music, history and possible business dealings with 800 million people in 60 countries, including the US and Canada.
西班牙語、法語、意大利語和葡萄牙語從本質上說是同一種語言的不同方言。如果你學會了一種，你也可以學會其他幾種。我就是這樣。如果你掌握了西班牙語，它就爲你打開了一扇門，你可以接觸到和8億人相關的文化、音樂、歷史，可能還有商務，這8億人來自60個國家，其中包括美國和加拿大。

If you get ambitious you could try Russian, as I have been doing for the last two years. Once you have Russian you can probably communicate with other Slav speakers.
如果你在語言學習方面有雄心壯志，那麼你可以試試俄語，過去兩年我一直在學。一旦你掌握了俄語，你應該可以和其他的斯拉夫語言使用者交流。

But hold it here! Before getting carried away, let’s look at the present situation of language teaching. According to one Canadian survey, after 12 years of daily French classes, only one high school graduate out of 147 (0.68%) achieved “intermediate” proficiency. Another survey of immigrants learning English in the US showed that “classroom instructional hours” had little impact on progress.
但是先等一等！在頭腦發熱之前，我們先來看看語言教學的現狀。根據加拿大的一項調查，在上了12年日常法語課後，147所高中裏只有1所高中（0.68%）的畢業生可以達到“中等”流利程度。另外一項在美國的移民學習英語的調查表明，“課堂教學時間”對語言的進步作用甚微。

As a speaker of 10 languages I know the benefits of speaking more than one language. We simply have to change the way we go about teaching languages. To start with we need to dispel seven common misconceptions about language learning.
作爲一個掌握了10門語言的人，我知道會說多種語言的好處。我們只是需要改變語言教學的方法。首先我們必須消除關於語言學習的7個普遍的誤解。

1. Language learning is difficult
語言學習很困難

It is only difficult to learn a language if you don’t want to. Learning a language takes time, but is not difficult. You mostly need to listen and read. Believe me, it is that simple. I have done it many times. Soon you feel the satisfaction of understanding another language. Before you know it you start speaking. It is the way languages are usually taught that makes language learning hard to like.
只有當你不想學時，學習這門語言纔會變得困難。學習一門語言需要花時間，但並不困難。你主要需要聽和讀。相信我，就這麼簡單。我做過許多次。很快你就會體會到理解另一門語言的滿足感，而在你意識到這一點之前你就能開口說。真是課堂語言的教學方式讓人們很難愛上語言學習。

2. You have to have a gift for learning languages
你必須要有學習語言的天賦

No you don’t. Anyone who wants to, can learn. In Sweden and Holland most people speak more than one language. They can’t just all be gifted at languages. Foreign athletes in North America usually learn to speak English faster than people in more formal learning environments. In language learning it is attitude, not aptitude, that determines success.
並不是這樣的。任何想學的人都可以學會。在瑞典和荷蘭，大多數人都會不止一種語言。他們不可能都有語言天賦。在北美的外國運動員學會說英語的速度通常比在正式語言學習環境中的人要快。在語言學習中決定你成功的是態度，而不是天賦。

3. You have to live where the language is spoken
你必須生活在那種語言的使用環境中

Some immigrants to North America never learn to speak more than halting English. Yet we meet people in other countries who speak flawless English. In 1968, I learned to speak Mandarin fluently while living in Hong Kong, where few people spoke it. With the Internet, language content is available to anyone with a computer, and you can download it to your iPod and listen. Where you live is not an obstacle.
有些去北美的移民永遠只會說蹩腳的英語。然而我們在別的國家卻見到有人可以說非常完美的英語。1968年，當我在香港居住時我學會了說流利的中文普通話，而很少有香港人會說。在互聯網的幫助下，任何人只需要一臺電腦就可以獲得許多語言內容，你可以把它下載到你的iPod裏來聽。至於你住在哪裏並不會阻礙你學習語言。4. Only children can learn to speak another language well
只有孩子可以學會說一門流利的外語

Recent brain research has demonstrated that our brains remain plastic well into old age. Adults who lose their eyesight have to learn a new language, braille, for example. Adults have a wide vocabulary in their own language and are better language learners than children. I have learned 4 languages since the age of 55. Adults only need the child’s willingness to experiment and desire to communicate, without the fear of ridicule.
最近一項關於大腦的研究已經證明，我們的頭腦在進入老年時依然可以保持較好的可塑性。比如說，那些失明的成年人必須要學習一門新的語言：布萊葉盲文。跟孩子相比，成年人具備更大的母語詞彙量，是更好的語言學習者。我從55歲開始已經學習了4門語言。成年人只需要像孩子那樣樂於嘗試，渴望交流，不要害怕被嘲笑。

5. To learn a language you need formal classroom instruction
語言學習需要正式的課堂教學

This is the crux of the problem. Classrooms may be economical to run and a great place to meet others. They have the weight of history and tradition behind them. Unfortunately, a classroom is an inefficient place to learn a language. The more students in the class, the more inefficient it is. Languages cannot be taught, they can only be learned. Theoretical grammatical explanations are hard to understand, hard to remember, and even harder to use. Drills and exercises are annoying to most people. A majority of school kids graduate unable to communicate in languages that they study for 10 or more years.
這就是問題的癥結所在。課堂學習花費不高，還是個結交朋友的好地方，這種學習方式有着厚重的歷史傳統。可是很遺憾，在教室裏學習一門語言效率並不高。班上的學生越多，學習效率就越低。語言不是教出來的，而是學出來的。那些理論的語法的解釋難以理解，難以記憶，更難以運用。練習和作業讓大多數人都很反感。大部分學校的孩子在畢業時還不能用他們已經學了十多年的語言來交流。

6. You need to speak in order to learn (and I have nobody to speak to)
爲了學語言你需要開口說（但我沒有可以交流的對象）

Speaking the language is usually the goal of language learning, but speaking can wait. Once you have acquired the language, you will find the opportunity to speak. When you are learning the language it is more important to listen. Trying to just pick up a few “handy” phrases to say is likely to just get you into trouble. If you meet a native speaker, you will inevitably spend most of your time listening unless you already know the language. You do not need to speak in order to learn, you need to learn in order to speak.
能夠說一門語言通常是語言學習的目標，但是這個目標可以緩一緩。一旦你掌握了某種語言，你會找到機會開口說的。當你正在學習這門語言時，聽更加重要。嘗試說一些“脫口而出”的詞組有可能會讓你陷入困境。如果你遇到了一位說母語的人，你必然會花更多時間來聽這個人說話，除非你已經掌握了這門語言。你沒有必要爲了學習語言而開口說話，而應該爲了開口說話來學習語言。

7. I would love to learn but I don’t have the time
我很願意學，但我沒有時間

How about the time you spend waiting in line, commuting, doing things around the house, going for a walk? Why not use that time to listen to a language on your iPod? Once you get started, even 10 or 15 minutes a day will soon grow to 30 minutes a day, or one hour. If you believe you will achieve significant results, and if you enjoy doing it, as I do, you will find the time.
那些你用來排隊，上下班，在房前屋後忙活，散步的時間呢？爲什麼不利用這些時間用你的iPod練聽力呢？一旦你開始這麼做，即使每天只有10或者15分鐘，也很快會增加到每天半小時或1小時。如果你相信自己可以收穫重大成效，如果你喜歡語言學習，就像我一樣，你會找到時間的。