中英雙語話中國民風民俗 第13期:中國民居

Major Styles of Traditional Chinese Residences raditional Chinese residences reflect the national culture，the sub-culture of a specific region and that of the ethnic group within it.

中國傳統民居的主要風格傳統的中國民居反映了民族文化、一個特定地區的亞文化以及居住其中的族羣的亞文化。

The traditional domestic architecture of China has five major styles. There is the compound with a courtyard(Si He Yuan)to be seen in northern China，Farmers' Caves(Yao Dong) in Northern Shaanxi Province and Earthen Buildings(Tu Lou ) in southeast China's Fujian Province，Stilt Houses that may be on steep inclines or projetting over water(Diao Jiao Lou)in southern China and the Seal-like Compound (Yi Ke Yin)in Yunnan province.

中國傳統的國內建築分爲五種主要風格。在中國北方有四合院，陝西省北部有窯洞，中國東南的福建省有土樓，中國南方有聳立在陡峭的斜坡或伸向水面的吊腳樓以及雲南省的一顆印。

Traditional residences tend to conform to their environment and to become integrated with it. They are expelled to blend with the surrounding rivers and Mountains, thus complementing but never spoiling the natural beauty.

傳統的民居一般遵循其環境的特點並與其融爲一體。它們要與周圍的山川河流融合在一起，因此要突出而絕不能破壞自然的美感。

Our ancestors made use of local materials and took the natural factors into consideration whenever they built a house.

我們的祖先在建造房屋時都要使用當地的材料並考慮到自然因素。

The Si He Yuan in northern China features a thick roof and walls and a wide courtyard to draw in maximum sunlight while ventilation is a prime feature of the diao jiao lou in the much warmer tropical climate of southern China.

中國北方的四合院的特點是厚頂、厚牆和寬敞的院子，這樣可以最大限度地進行採光，而對於地處中國南方溫暖的熱帶氣候中的吊腳樓來說，通風條件則是它的主要特點。

The Si He Yuan in Beijing reflects the formal royal ambiance with its symmetrical style while garden-residences such as the famous Garden of the Master of the Nets in Suzhou，Jiangsu Province，gives priority to a harmonious blend with ce Gong's Mansion in Beijing is the world's largest Si He Yuan.

北京的四合院通過其對稱的風格體現出正式的皇家氛圍，而園林住宅則注重與自然的和諧統一，諸如江蘇省蘇州著名的網師園。北京的恭王府則是世界上最大的四合院。

In calligraphy，the Chinese characters with a roof-like component relate to various houses. For example，with。pig , it is。home; with。cow, it is。prison;with a combination of iwo mouths it means 'many houses’一it is palace. Such characters combined with that for‘woman’imply peace and safely. The logic behind this is based on two layers of meaning. Frstly，when a woman sits peacefully at home，it means there is no war. Secondly, when they lived in simple caves in open air, our ancestors faced the hazards of rough weather, wild animals and hostile tribes. By building houses，they were better protected，thus there was safety.

在書法中，帶有寶蓋頭的漢字都與各種房屋有關。例如“佔”加上豬之後就成了“家”，加上牛之後就成了牢，加上兩個口之後就表示“許多房屋”—也就是宮。而和“女”字旁組合在一起的漢字則表示和平與安全。這其中的邏輯建立在兩層含義之上。首先，當一名女子安全地坐在家中時，這就意味着沒有戰爭。其次，當我們的祖先住在野外簡單的洞穴中時，他們面對的是惡劣天氣、野生動物以及敵對,落的危險。通過建造房屋，他們便獲得了更好的保護，因而就得到了安全。

Chinese Residence — Earliest Form of Architectural Art

中國住宅——最早的建築藝術形式

Before the Qin Dynasty，the residential houses both for emperors and folks were all called palace. The term palace became a specific title for emperors' residente since the Qin and Han dynasties(221BC一220AD ) modern times, all the other residential houses except palace and official buildings are called folk residente.

在秦朝以前，皇帝和老百姓的住房都被稱作宮殿。“宮”這個稱謂是從秦朝和漢朝時纔開始專門指皇帝的住居。在現代，除了宮殿和官方建築之外的所有住房都被稱作民居。

The Chinese wooden framework house first appeared in the late Neolithic Hemudu Culture Site (5 OOOBC一3 300BC) in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province reflected the wood construction techniques of this period. The Banpo Site in Xi'an and Yangshao Culture Site in Jiong village, Lintong, Shaanxi Province revealed the overall layout of villages and constructions of this period. Chinese residences can be divided roughly into nine kinds:

中國的木質框架房屋最早出現在新石器時代晚期。浙江省餘姚縣的河姆渡文化遺址(公元前5000一公元前3300年)表現了當時的木質建築藝術。西安的半坡遺址和陝西省臨撞姜寨的仰韶文化遺址都反映出當時村落與建築的整體佈局。中國的民居可以大致分爲九種類型:

Beijing's Siheyuan

北京的四合院

This is the most important form of Chinese traditional residential is great in number and wide in distribution，popular among the Han，Manchu，Bai, and some of other minority of the houses are of wood framework. The principal room is built on the southnorth axis, and iwo wing rooms are located on both sides of it. The family elders live in the principal room and wings are the bedrooms for the younger generations. Women live in the inner yard. Guests and male servants live in the outer yard. This distribution is in accordance with the feudal regulations. 5i He Yuan spreads over towns and villages throughout China，but each developed its own characteristics as a result of respective natural conditions and different way of life. 5i He Yuan in Beijing is the most tive.

這是中國傳統民居中最重要的形式。它的數量多、分佈廣，並且在漢族、滿族、白族以及其他少數民族中一十分流行。大多數房屋採用木質框架。主屋建在南北走向的軸線，而廂房則位於四合院的兩側。家庭中的長者住在主屋中，而兩翼則由年輕一代居住。婦女住在內院。客人和男僕住在外院。這種分佈符合封建禮制。四合院遍佈全國的城鄉，但由於各地自然條件和生活方式各有不同，因此發展出各自的特徵。北京的四合院是最具代表性的。

Jiangsu Residence

江蘇民居

Residential houses distributed in areas south of the Yangtze River have a lot of names, but the overall arrangement is generally the same with Si He Yuan. The difference between the two is that houses in the south have smaller yards(or tianlin9 )，with only two functions; drainage and daylighting. The principal room in the first yard is usually a big hall. The yards in the back are usually smaller, mostly with storied buildings. Roof covered with small tiles and floor with flagstones help to adapt the rainy climate in the south. Houses in watery regions are usually built along rivers，with the front door leading to the alley and backdoor facing the y household has a small dock where they do the washing, bailing and getting on boats.

長江以南的地區所分佈的房屋有很多名稱，但是整體安排通常與四合院是相同的。兩者的不同就在於南方房屋的院子（或稱爲天井）更小而且只有兩個功能:排水和採光。第一間院子中的主屋通常是一間大廳。後面的院子則通常小一些，而且大部分都帶有樓房。房頂蓋_L小瓦而地面則鋪上了石板，這有助於適應南方的多雨氣候。在雨水充沛的地區，房屋通常是沿着河流建造的，而且前門通向小巷而後門面向河流。家家戶戶都有一個小型碼頭，以便在這裏洗衣、取水、乘船。

U-Shaped Houses of South China

中國南方的U形房屋

The houses in Yunnan Province in southwest China can be a good representative of this kind of building，and they could also be found in southern provinces like Hunan. The overall structure arrangement is more or less the same with Si He Yuan，but the houses are all connected together at every comer, forming the shape of U. The houses are made of wood truss with earth walls, on which are color I paintings.

在中國西南部的雲南省，那裏的房屋可以很好地代表這一類建築，在湖南等南方省份也可以見到這種建築。它的整體結構安排多少與四合院比較相似，但是所有的房屋的每個角落都連在一起，因此就形成了U形。這些房屋是由木質析架和土牆建造的，上面還有彩色圖畫。

Lingnan Hakka Group Houses

嶺南客家房屋羣

Tu Lou is a traditional dwelling for Hakkas in west Fujian Province. There are three to four floors in average, and the tallest can have up to six floors. Including the houses in the yard，Tu lou can usually hold more than 50 families. Halls，storage houses, domestic animal houses，wells and other public houses are in the yard. The Hakkas created this special defensive building to protect themselves, and it's still in use now.

土樓是福建省西部的客家傳統住宅。它平均爲三至四層，最高達六層。包括院子裏的房屋在內，土樓通常可以容納50多個家庭。大廳、儲藏室、牲口圈、水井以及其他公共房屋都位於院子中。客家人建造這種特殊的防禦性建築的目的是爲了保護自己，而且現在依然在使用這種建築。

Cave Dwelling of Northwest China

中國西北的窯洞

Cave dwellings are mainly distributed in central and west provinces like Henan，Shanxi，Shaanxi，where the loess is of great loess has little seepage and a very strong vertical nature，which provides a very good precondition for the development of cave dwellings. The cliff cave dwelling is an earth cave dug horizontally along the vertical earth cliff. Residence built in this way saves raw materials and requires less complicated cave dwelling is cool in summer and warm in winter.

窯洞主要分佈在河南、山西、陝西、甘肅以及青海等中西部地區，那裏的黃土十分深。黃土的性質不容易滲水而且垂直方向強度很大，因此爲窯洞的發展提供了極好的先決條件。懸崖上的窯洞是沿着垂直土崖水平挖成的土洞。通過這種方式建造的民居節省了原材料而且不需要複雜的技術。窯洞冬暖夏涼。

Ganlan

幹欄

Ganlan(a wood or bamboo storied house)are mainly distributed in the southwest provinces of China，such as Yunnan，Guizhou，Guangdong and Guangxi. It is the residence for Dai，Jingpo，Zhuang and other minority groups.

幹欄（木質或竹質多層房屋）主要分佈在中國的西南省份，例如雲南、貴州、廣東以及廣西。它是傣、景頗、壯以及其他少數民族的民居。

A Ganlan usually stands alone, seporated from other Ganlan orted by poles，the living sector of GanIan is usually on the second floor high above the ground，while the first storey is retained for raising domestic animals and storing;in this way Ganlan can ward off moisture，as well as the attack of insects，snakes and other animals.

幹欄通常是與其他千欄建築分開的獨立建築。通過撐杆的支撐，幹欄的居住部分通常位於較高的第二層，而第一層則用於飼養家畜和儲物，這樣幹欄不僅可以防潮，而且可以防止昆蟲、蛇以及動物的襲擊。

Diaofang

碉房

Diaofang(Stone Chamber) is the most popular kind of dwellings in Tibet and some areas in Inner Mongolia. According to rh,} Hi.}cory of Later Harp ，this stone and earth dwellings existed before 111 AD. The height of the dwellings varies from two to three storeys. Built mostly of stone and earth，they look like Diaolou (blockhouse)，and hence got the name of Diaofang. The origin of its name can be traced back to 1736 in the era of Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty.

碉房是西藏和內蒙古部分地區最普遍的民居。根據《後漢書》記載，這種土石民居早在公元111年之前便存在了。這種民居的高度爲兩層或三層。它們主要用土石建造，外觀像碉樓，因此便被叫做碉房。它這個名稱的由來可以追溯到清朝乾隆年間的1736年。

The first floor is often used for livestock and poultry，and the second is retained as bedrooms，living rooms，kitchen and storehouse. Some have a third floor for the family sutra hall and the balcony.

第一層經常用於飼養家畜和家禽，而第二層則留作臥室、客廳、廚房以及儲藏室。有些碉房還有第三層，這用作家庭藏經室和陽臺。

The nomadic Mongolians and Tibetans also live in tents，which are convenient to assemble and unassembled.

從事遊牧的蒙古族和藏族人也住在帳篷中，這十分便於拆卸。

Mongolian yurts

蒙古包

The Mongolian felt tent in northwest China is called Mongolian wooden wattles are fastened with leather thongs and studs to form a fence-like structure. Each part of the yurt is ingenious and quite convenient to dissemble and carry. The diameter of a small yurt is about four to six meters，with no pillar inside， while the bigger one needs two to four poles to support the yurt. There are thick felts on the ground of yurts. Every yurt has an opening on the top，and there's usually a stove under it.

中國西北部蒙古族人的氈帳被稱作蒙古包。它的木條用皮帶和釘子固定而形成類似於籬笆的結構。蒙古包的每一個部分都十分精巧並且十分便於拆裝。小型蒙古包的直徑大約爲四至六米，裏面沒有柱子，而較大的蒙古包則需要兩至四根杆子來支撐。蒙古包的地面有厚氈。每個蒙古包的頂部都有開口，而且這下面通常還有一個爐子。

Ayiwang

阿以旺

Ayiwang is the Uygur residence. The houses are all connected together, with yard around them. The front room with a skylight is called Ayiwang，also known as summer room，which serves as the living room as well as reception room. The back house called winter room is the bedroom，usually without a skylight. The plane arrangement is very ingenious.

阿以旺是維吾爾族的民居。所有的房屋都連成一片，周圍還有院子。前面帶天窗的房間被稱作阿以旺，又叫夏室，它是用來當客廳和會客室的；後室稱作冬室，它通常沒有天窗。其平面佈局非常精巧。

There are also some other special residential houses such as the boat house. Nowadays，as a result of economic development, population increase and modernization，people in the cities usually live in storied buildings, which have increasingly diversified styles and a tendency of height rise.

還有諸如船屋等一些特殊的民居。如今由於經濟的發展、人口的增加以及現代化程度提高，城市裏的人們通常住在樓房裏，樓房的風格日益多樣化且高度得以增加。