聯合國兒童基金會：每年有60萬幼童死於空氣污染

或許是長年在霧都生活，很多人對霧霾已漸漸變得麻木。面對一個接一個的霧霾天，民衆也不再吐槽，只是氣定神閒地“等風來”，把霧霾的種種危害拋之腦後。然而，事實真相是，霧霾正對人類尤其是兒童的健康產生致命的傷害。聯合國兒童基金會的新報告指出，每年有60萬名五歲以下兒童因爲空氣污染而喪生，死於空氣污染的兒童比死於瘧疾和艾滋病的兒童加起來還要多，空氣污染已然成爲幼童的一大健康殺手。

UNICEF is calling on world leaders to reduce air pollution, saying it leads to the deaths of More children yearly than malaria and HIV/AIDS combined.
聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）呼籲各國領導人減少空氣污染，該組織稱每年死於空氣污染的兒童比死於瘧疾和艾滋病的兒童加起來還要多。

Around 600,000 children under age 5 die every year from diseases caused by or exacerbated by outdoor and indoor air pollution, especially in poor nations, UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake said in the introduction to a report titled "Clear the Air for Children."
聯合國兒童基金會執行主任安東尼•雷克在一份名爲《爲兒童淨化空氣》的報告的前言中指出，每年約有60萬名五歲以下兒童死於由室內外空氣污染導致和加重的疾病，這種情況在貧窮國家尤爲嚴重。

Air pollution also hurts children it doesn't kill, including the unborn, he said.
雷克表示，兒童即使沒有死於空氣污染也會因此受到傷害，未出生的胎兒也不例外。

"Pollutants don't only harm children's developing lungs, they can actually cross the blood-brain barrier and permanently damage their developing brains, and, thus, their futures. No society can afford to ignore air pollution."
他說：“空氣中的污染物不僅會傷害孩子們正在發育的肺，還能穿過血腦屏障，給兒童發育中的大腦造成永久性傷害，任何國家都承擔不起忽視空氣污染的後果。”

The report was released in advance of the November 7-18 UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakech, Morocco, also known as COP22, the 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties.
第22屆聯合國氣候變化大會（COP22）將於11月7日至18日在摩洛哥馬拉喀什市舉行。聯合國兒童基金會在會議召開前發佈了這份報告。

COP21 was held in Paris in November 2015 and received a lot more attention, partly because so many world leaders convened not long after a major terrorist attack occurred there.
第21屆聯合國氣候變化大會於2015年11月在巴黎舉行，這次會議之所以受到了前所未有的關注，一定程度上是因爲各國領導人在巴黎遭受大規模恐怖襲擊不久之後就在此召開會議。

The conference achieved its major goal: Reaching a legally binding agreement to keep global warming below what most scientists say is the critical threshold of 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming.
這次會議完成了它的主要目標——與會各國達成了一項具有法律約束力的協定，承諾將全球變暖幅度限制在2攝氏度（3.6華氏度）以內。多數科學家認爲2攝氏度是一個關鍵的臨界點。

UNICEF is asking world leaders attending COP22 to take four steps:
聯合國兒童基金會要求參加第22屆聯合國氣候變化大會的各國領導人採取以下四項措施：

--Reduce pollution by cutting back on fossil fuel combustion and investing in energy efficiency.
通過能源效率方面的投資和減少化石燃料的用量來減少污染；

--Increase children's access to health care, including more immunization programs and information programs about pneumonia, a leading killer of children under 5.
增加兒童獲取衛生保健服務的渠道，包括增加免疫接種項目和肺炎（五歲以下兒童的頭號殺手）信息普及項目的數量；

--Minimize children's exposure to air pollution by keeping schools away from factories and other pollution sources and using cleaner cookstoves in homes.
讓學校遠離工廠和其它污染源，普及家用清潔爐竈，從而減少兒童暴露在空氣污染中的機會；

--Improve monitoring of air pollution.
加強對空氣污染的監管力度。

UNICEF said its air pollution report uses satellite imagery to show the global scope of the air pollution problem.
聯合國兒童基金會稱其發佈的報告用衛星圖像顯示了全球範圍內的空氣污染問題。

Around 2 billion children live in places with outdoor pollution exceeding World Health Organization air quality guidelines, the report said. Most of these children live in low- and middle-income countries.
報告指出，參照世界衛生組織（WTO）發佈的《空氣質量準則》，約有20億兒童生活在室外空氣污染超標的環境中。其中大部分兒童都生活在中低收入國家。

That includes 620 million in South Asia, 520 million in Africa and 450 million in East Asia and the Pacific, UNICEF said.
這樣的兒童在南亞、非洲和東亞與太平洋地區分別有6.2億、5.2億和4.5億。

The outdoor air pollution is most common in low-income, urban areas and is caused by vehicle emissions, heavy use of fossil fuels, dust and burning of waste, the report said.
報告指出，室外空氣污染由汽車尾氣排放、大量使用化石燃料、粉塵和焚燒垃圾引起，在低收入的城市地區最爲常見。

The satellite map doesn't take into account the dangers of indoor pollution, primarily a problem in lower-income, rural areas where people use solid fuels like coal and wood for cooking and heating.
衛星地圖沒有顯示出室內污染的危害。室內污染主要發生在低收入的農村地區，那裏的居民主要用煤和木材等固體燃料做飯和取暖。

More than 1 billion children live in homes where solid fuels are used in this way, UNICEF said. For example, 81% of rural households in India use this kind of fuel because it's cheap and easily available.
聯合國兒童基金會表示，超過10億兒童生活在這樣使用固體燃料的家庭。比如在印度，由於固體燃料既廉價又易得，81%的農村家庭都在用。

Air pollution is an especially serious threat for children because their lungs and immune systems are developing, the report said.
報告指出，因爲兒童的肺部和免疫系統還在發育，所以空氣污染對兒童的威脅最爲嚴重。

Unborn children are also at risk. Studies show chronic exposure to high levels of particulate matter is associated with high rates of fetal loss, premature births and lower birthrates.
未出生的胎兒也受到空氣污染的威脅。多項研究表明，長期處於顆粒物濃度較高的環境中會提高流產、早產和生育率下降的機率。