中英雙語話歷史 第43期:蜀漢
The founder of Shu-Han，Liu Bei，the descendant of Han Jingdi's son Liu Sheng, came from Zhuo prefecture (near present-day Beijing).
Liu Bei was born in a poor family and lived by selling shoes and weaving straw mat.
劉備居於河北涿州（今北京附近），少年孤貧，以販鞋織草蓆爲生。However, he acquired his first reputation in warfare against the Yellow Turban rebellion of 184 and swore to be brothers with Zhang Fei, Guan Yu, who are both in the following years of fighting devoted to him until death.
公元184年黃巾起義時，劉備與關羽、張飛桃園結義，成爲異姓兄弟，一同剿除黃巾有功。
When civil war caused by Dong Zhuo broke out he served Gongsun Zan to fight against Dong Zhuo. Later he allied himself with the warlords: Cao Cao，Yuan Shao，and Liu Biao one after another and held short-lived power over substantial territory in the north of China.
董卓亂政之際，劉備隨公孫璜討伐董卓,劉備勢力弱小，經常寄人籬下，先後投靠過曹操、袁紹、劉表等人，幾經波折，卻仍無自己的地盤。In 200, however, at the time of the campaign between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao at Guan-du, Liu Bei was thoroughly defeated by Cao Cao ’ s forces and fled to take refuge with Liu Biao.
公元200年，在曹操與袁紹的官渡之戰中，劉備被曹操打敗，投奔劉表。Liu did, however, maintain the followers who had accompanied him into exile ,and it was at this time while stationing in Xinye Xu Shu, one of his assistants, recommended Zhuge Liang, a master of strategies to him.
但在流亡過程中卻一直有人跟隨劉備，屯兵新野時,徐庶爲其幕僚，向劉推薦諸葛亮。Liu Bei visited and consulted Zhuge Liang three times and the latter agreed to serve him as minister. With the help of Zhuge Liang, Sun-Liu allies defeated Cao Cao from the north at the Red Cliffs and Liu Bei established a position in the southern part of Jing prefecture which laid the fundation for the three kingdoms.
劉備在荊州三顧茅廬，請諸葛亮出山輔助，在諸葛亮的幫助下，赤壁之戰寧，聯合孫權打敗曹操，佔領荊州，奠定了三分天下的基礎。In 211 Liu Bei was invited into Yi prefecture by the Governor, Liu Zhang, to assist him in dealing with enemies on his northern borders.
211年受劉璋請求來益州共同防禦北方邊界。In the summer of 214 Liu Bei seized Yi prefecture and established his own regime at Chengdu.
214年夏，劉備攻取益州在成都建立政權。In 219 the decisive victory over Xiahou Yuan obtained Liu Bei’s control of the Han valley, and gave justification for his claim to the royal and then imperial title of Han with an area covering Jing and Yi prefectures.
219年，劉備大敗曹將夏侯淵，奪取漢中，稱漢中王，建立了橫跨荊益兩州的政權。In the further east line, however, the destruction of Guan Yu, and the failure of Liu Bei’s expedition , aiming at taking revenge for Guan Yu in 222 restricted the territory of Han to Yi province. Despite its imperial pretensions Shu-Han never recovered from those massive defeats.
在東線關羽被殺，劉備爲給關羽報仇，公元222年，發兵大舉進攻東吳兵敗。Liu Bei fled to Baidi city and died there in Yong’an Palace in the following Liu Bei died in 223, his son Liu Chan was seventeen, but Zhuge Liang acted as regent and held control of the government. He confirmed the alliance with Wu, and in campaigns to the south during 224 and 225 he established reign over the territory and people as far as the Lake Dian in present-day Yunnan.
劉備兵敗逃至白帝城，次年病死於白帝城的永安宮。蜀漢一蹶不振，勢力一直被侷限在益州。劉備死後，其子劉禪繼位，是爲蜀後主，劉禪17歲由諸葛亮等人輔助，主張與吳國交好。公元224 ~225年，諸葛亮平定南中，勢力涉及滇池（今雲南境內）。In 227 he turned his attention to the Wei in the north ： from Hanzhong he launched a series of attacks across the Qinling Range, however, was quickly destroyed by the Wei gen-eral Sima Yi，and Zhuge Liang was not able to achieve a position.
向北爲了實現劉備的遺願，諸葛亮自蜀建興五年至十二年（227 ~ 234)六次從漢中出兵向秦嶺伐魏，但均告失利。In 233 Zhuge U-ang embarked on a renewed attempt to break the line of the mountain barrier , however, he was, successfully opposed by Sima Yi, and died in the following year in front.
233年，在發起突破秦嶺防線時,被司馬懿擊破，本人也於公元234年卒於兩軍陣前。After a short period of intrigue and confusion，Zhuge Uang ’ s position as com-mander-in-chief and head of government was taken by Jiang Wei.
諸葛亮死後，姜維繼任軍士統帥和丞相。Like Zhuge Liang ,Jiang Wei had his headquarters in Hanzhong on the frontier against Wei, and the central administration at Chengdu was maintained by a secondary office.
姜維仍以漢中爲攻魏前哨，以成都爲總部。In 244, Jiang Wei became ill and failed to function effectively, and at his death in 246 Liu Chan, now forty years old, took formal authority at the capital.
244年，姜維病重，不能有效行使權力。246年姜維病逝時，劉禪40歲已獨立行使皇權。Despite his maturity Liu Chan was an unimpressive ruler. He was more interested in his harem and his personal pleasures than in the responsibilities of government, therefore he gave excessive power to his favourite Chen Zhi and the eunuch Huang Hao.
劉禪是一個沒有作爲的皇帝，他不問政事，貪戀後宮聲色，將朝中大事交給寵臣陳志和太監黃浩。Sima Yi was a well-known strategist and stateman in Chinese history, and in fighting against Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei，he succeeded in preventing Shu-Han from expanding northernwards.
司馬懿是我國著名的軍事家、政治家。他多次出兵漢中，與諸葛亮、姜維等蜀將交戰，遏制了蜀國的北擴。In 226, Wei Emperor Cao Pi died and his son Cao Rui succeeded the throne.
此間，魏帝曹丕已於魏黃初七薨（226)。Sima Yi acted as Chief Minister to serve the emperor , then ttie control of government was gradually transferred to the hands of Sima family.
其子曹睿繼位，以司馬懿爲輔政大臣。此後，魏國大權逐漸落人司馬氏手中。In 263,after the Sima family had established control of the government of Wei, they planned the attack on Shu-Han. Sima Zhao, son of Sima Yi, and two generals Zhong Hui and Deng Ai launched attack on Shu Han. In the autumn of 263 they captured the passes into Hanzhong, and while one army held Jiang Wei in the northwest, the general Deng Ai went forward to attack Chengdu.
魏景元四年 (263)在魏政權歸司馬氏之後，司馬懿之子司馬昭派遣鍾會、鄧艾等數路人馬伐蜀，並於當年夏天控制了通往漢中的要塞，將姜維困在西北，由鄧艾繼續攻打成都。In the winter, after victory in one pitched battle, he received the surrender of Liu Chan. And in the summer of 264 Liu Chan was received into honoured exile at Luoyang, thus Shu-Han perished.
當年冬天攻破成都,後主劉禪降魏，並於264年夏流放至洛陽，蜀漢滅亡。Shu-Han took the same measures of land reclamation and developed the irrigating system. As a far reaching area, the development of agriculture was not damaged as that of in the Yellow River Valley and there was no famine heard. At hat time the silk of Shu was well-known and trade within domestic was prosperous and Chengdu, the capital of Shu was the commercial centre.
蜀在耕地方面沒有什麼改制，也實行屯田，水利做得比較好，由於地處偏遠蜀漢沒有像中原那樣遭到嚴重破壞，也沒有發生糧荒，絲織業發達，蜀錦有名,境內貿易發達,成都商業繁榮，蜀漢農業自始至終未遭破壞。After Zhuge Liang destroyed the non-Chinese alliance led by Meng Huo, he left the people under continuing control by their native leaders, and confirmed that power with seals and other emblems of authority although in formal terms, they were subjects of Shu-Han. All these practices facilitate the tranquility of Shu-Han.
在平定了南方少數民族孟獲的叛亂之後,他們成爲蜀漢的臣民，但仍由其首領繼續管理內部事務，這有利於蜀漢政權的穩定。
