離婚與孩子雙語散文

每一起離異都是一小點文明的泯滅。痛感於此者，莫過於兒童了。接下來，小編給大家準備了離婚與孩子雙語散文,歡迎大家參考與借鑑。

Barbara Dafoe Whitehead

巴巴拉·達福·懷特黑德

Divorce is transforming the lives of American the past World War 2 generation, morethan 80 percent of children grew up with both biological parents. Today only half will do year more than a million children experience family breakup: about as many are born outof wedlock.

離婚正在改變美國兒童的生活。二次世界大戰後的一代人中，80%以上的兒童都在親生父母身邊長大。今天只有半數是如此。每年有一百多萬兒童的家庭破裂，這與非婚生兒的數量大體相同。

At the same time, the problems associated with family disruption have grown. Overall child well-being has declined,despite historically high public spending. The teen suicide rate has almosttripled. Juvenile crime has increased and become more violent. School performance has beenpoor.

與此同時，家庭破裂帶來的問題層出不窮。儘管政府的開支歷來很大，兒童總的生活水平卻有所下降。青少年的自殺率幾乎增長了兩倍。青少年犯罪率上升，而且暴力案件越來越多，而學業成績甚差。

Given such a dramatic impact on children’s lives, one might expect today’s high divorce rate tobe viewed more widely as a national crises. Yet, those who argue that it poses a serious threatare dismissed as being pessimistic or nostalgic, unwilling to accept the new facts of life. Thedominant view in the popular culture is that the changes in family structure are, on balance,positive. And until recently there was little hard evidence to confirm or dispute thisassumption.

兒童的生活既然受到如此顯著的影響，有人可能把當今的高離婚率視作一場全國性的危機。然而，持有這種觀點的人卻被斥之爲過分悲觀或懷舊，被認爲是不願接受新的生活現實。大衆文化普遍認爲，家庭結構的變化總的說來是積極的。但直到最近還沒有什麼確鑿的證據可以證實或反駁這種說法。

A 1940s book on divorce asserted:” Children are entitled to the affection and association oftwo parents, not one.” In the 1950s most Americans believed parents should stay in anunhappy marriage to avoid damaging the children.

40年代的一本論述離婚的書曾稱：“孩子有權享有父母雙方而不是其中一方的寵愛和關懷”。50年代，多數美國人認爲，做父母的即使婚姻不美滿，也要維持下去，以免傷害孩子。

But by mid-1970s what had once been regarded as hostile to children’s best interests wasconsidered essential to adults’ happiness. “A two-parent home is not the only emotionalstructure within which a child can be happy and healthy,” a popular divorce book of this eraproclaimed. “The parents who take care of themselves will be best able to take care of theirchildren.”

但到70年代中期，人們的觀念有所改變，原先說離婚會傷害子女們的最高利益，此時則認爲離婚是關乎成人幸福的大事。當年一本論述離婚的暢銷書聲稱：“雙親家庭並不是唯一能讓孩子過得健康快樂的情感寄託所，做父母的只有照顧好自己才能更好地照顧好孩子。”

As this optimistic view took shape, many expects believed that the psychological impact ofdivorce on children was like a bad cold. There was a phase of acute discomfort, then a shortrecovery。 Kids would be back on their feet in no time, with no lasting harm.

這種樂觀的看法一形成，就有許多專家認爲，離異對孩子心理上的影響好比患了重感冒：開始一段時間會極不舒服，接着是短暫的恢復期。不久孩子得到康復，痛苦漸漸消失。

By the early 1980s, however, nearly two decades had passed since the changes in family life hadbegun. During the intervening years a fuller body of empirical research had emerged: studiesthat used large samples, or followed families through time, or did both. Moreover, several of thestudies offered a child’s-eye view of family disruption.

然而到80年代初，家庭生活中發生的這種婚姻變化已經歷了近二十個年頭。在此期間，大量以經驗爲依據的研究工作脫穎而出：或廣泛調查大批實例，或長期跟蹤家庭進行研究，或雙管齊下。而且，不少研究還提供了孩子對家庭破裂的看法。

In 1971 Judith Wallerstein, a clinical psychologist, and her staff began interviewing middle-class children in the San Francisco area at the time their parents broke up. She discovered thechildren seemed to be doing worse. Five years after breakup, her research shows, more than athird of the children were experiencing moderate or severe depression. At ten years asignificant number to be troubled, drifting, underachieving. At 15 years many, now adults,were struggling to establish strong love relationships of their own.

1971年，臨牀心理學家朱迪斯·沃勒斯坦及其工作人員開始走訪舊金山地區一些中產階級家庭的孩子——當時他們父母的關係已破裂，有的已離異一年之久。她並沒有發現孩子的感情有什麼奇蹟般的恢復;事實上，這些孩子的情況似乎每況愈下。

Five years after breakup, her research shows, more than a third of the children wereexperiencing moderate or severe depression. At ten years a significant number appeared tobe troubled, drifting, underachieving. At 15 years many, now adults, were struggling toestablish strong love relationships of their own.

她的研究表明，在家庭破裂5年後，三分之一以上的孩子患有中度或嚴重的抑鬱症。10年後，有一大批孩子表現得心情苦惱，變化無常，學習成績差，15年後，許多人都已成年了，就拼命建立自己真正心愛的牢固關係。

Research shows that girls in single-parent families are at greater risk for teenage marriage,nonmarital birth, and divorce than girls in two-parent families---and that this is true regardlessof race or income. Also, children in disrupted families are nearly twice as likely to drop out ofhigh school. Boys are at greater risk of dropping out than girls and are more prone toaggressive behavior.

研究表明，單親家庭女孩的冒險性大於雙親家庭的女孩：性早熟，十幾歲結婚，少年懷孕，非婚生育，離婚 —— 而且不分種族、膚色和收入，都是如此。再者，家庭分裂的孩子中學退學率幾乎要高出一倍。男孩比女孩更容易退學，更好尋釁鬧事。

Scholars also find significant difference in educational attainment. According to a 1980 study bythe National Association of Elementary School Principals, 30 parent of Two-parent elementarystudents ranks as high achievers, as compared with 17 percent of single-parent of single-parent students. The children in single-parent families were also more likely to be truant orreceive disciplinary action.

學者們還發現，在學業成績上也有顯著差異。根椐1980年全國小學校長協會的一項調查，在雙親家庭的小學生中，有百分之三十爲優等生，而在單親家庭的孩子中只有百分之十七爲優等生。單親家庭的子女逃學或受處分的情況也屢見不鮮。

Since most children live with their mothers after divorce, one might expect that the mother-childbond would even be strengthened. Yet research shows that only half the children whosemothers were protective before a divorce. Moreover, the mother-child relationships deterioratedover time.

由於多數孩子在父母離婚後跟母親過，有人以爲母子關係會因此而加深，但研究表明，僅有半數孩子的母親在離婚後還能保持離婚前的那種慈幼關係。何況這種母子關係是隨時間而衰退的。

Family disruption has been suggested as a central cause of many vexing social problems, aswell.

有人提出，家庭破裂還是引發許多惱人的社會問題的主要原因。

Nationally, over 70 percent of juveniles in state reform institutions come from homes withoutboth parents present. Family breakup is thought to be an important source of high crime ratesin the nation’s cities. And, according to one study, its influence is independent of race orincome.

從全國來看，在州立管教所中，有百分之七十的少年犯來自非雙親家庭。家庭破裂是全國城市犯罪率高的一個重要原因。有一項調查還說，其影響所及，非種族或收入所能限制。

Nowhere has the impact of family breakup been more profound than in our schools. Acrossthe nation, principals report a dramatic rise in the aggressive, acting-out behaviorcharacteristic of children living in single-parent families.

我們的學校受到家庭破裂的影響最大。校長們的報告指出，在全國範圍內，住在單親家庭中的孩子所特有的那種尋釁鬧事的發泄行爲已明顯增加。

Over the past 25 years Americans have been conducting a vast natural experiment in family results are becoming clear. Adults have benefited from the changes, but not ed, this may be the first generation to do worse psychologically and socially than theirparents.

在過去的25年裏，美國人一直在家庭生活中進行着一項龐大而又順乎自然的試驗。其結果日見明朗。成從變化中得益，兒童則不然。說真的，這一代子女，也許是心理上、社會上都不如自己父母的第一代人。

The novelist Pat Conroy has observed that"each divorce is the death of a small civilization. "Noone feels this more acutely than children.

小說家帕特·康洛伊說過：“每一起離異都是一小點文明的泯滅。”痛感於此者，莫過於兒童了。